Stove Fuel & Snowmelt Calculator炉具燃料与融雪计算器

How many grams of canister fuel, white gas or alcohol your group needs for hot water, sterilizing boils and melting snow — with cold-weather reserve built in. 按队伍人数、天数、热水与融雪量，算出气罐、白汽油或酒精的克数/毫升/盎司，冷程自动加安全余量。

🔥 Water & Hydration水与饮水 📅 Updated Oct 20252025 年 10 月更新

How the fuel calculator works

Every fuel plan starts from one number: the grams of fuel needed to bring one liter of water to a boil under ideal conditions, then multiplies up for cold, wind, snowmelt and group size.

The baselines represent bringing 1 L of 20 °C water to a rolling boil in calm air with a windscreen and a lid: 14 g for an isobutane canister stove, 12 g for white gas, 24 g for a denatured-alcohol stove and about 20 g for solid fuel tablets. They come from typical backpacking-stove efficiency figures published in REI and manufacturer tests; your own stove may differ by ±15%, which the reserve covers.

Cold, wind and the snowmelt multiplier

Air temperature applies a multiplier: 1.0 above 10 °C, 1.4 from 0–10 °C, 1.9 from −10 to 0 °C and 2.4 below −10 °C. An open flame without a windscreen loses roughly another 25%. Melting snow is the biggest factor — turning snow to water spends energy on the phase change, so one liter of snow-water costs 1.6× the fuel of heating liquid water. It also takes roughly 8–10 L of loose snow to yield 1 L of water.

The 20% cold-trip reserve

When the temperature band is at or below 10 °C the plan adds 20% on top of the subtotal. That headroom covers canister pressure loss, failed melts, shorter days and wet storms. On warm trips no reserve is added — canister failures and snowmelt duty are cold-weather problems, and carrying dead fuel weight in summer helps nobody.

Canisters, milliliters and safe melting

Canister totals are filled greedily with 450 / 230 / 110 g canisters so you never carry less than the requirement. White gas and alcohol convert to milliliters at typical densities (0.76 and 0.79 g/ml). Always start a melt pot with a splash of water in the bottom (or stir a handful of snow constantly) so the pot is never heated dry, and treat melted water as you would any backcountry source.

计算原理

所有燃料计划都从一个基准数开始：理想条件下烧开 1 升水需要多少克燃料，再按低温、大风、融雪和人数逐级放大。

基准值指在无风、有挡风板、盖锅盖的条件下，把 1 升 20 °C 的水烧至滚沸：异丁烷气罐炉 14 克、白汽油 12 克、变性酒精炉 24 克、固体燃料片约 20 克。这些数值来自 REI 与厂家测试中常见的徒步炉效率数据；你的炉具可能有 ±15% 偏差，已由安全余量覆盖。

低温、大风与融雪系数

气温系数：高于 10 °C 为 1.0，0～10 °C 为 1.4，−10～0 °C 为 1.9，低于 −10 °C 为 2.4。没有挡风板的明火还要多耗约 25%。融雪是最大的变量——雪变成水需要额外的相变潜热，所以融出 1 升雪水的燃料是烧液态水的 1.6 倍；同时约需 8～10 升松散雪才能得到 1 升水。

冷程 20% 安全余量

气温档位在 10 °C 及以下时，计划在小计之上再加 20%，用于覆盖气罐掉压、融雪失败、白昼变短和湿风暴等意外。热程不加余量——气罐故障与融雪任务是冷天问题，夏天背用不上的燃料毫无意义。

气罐、毫升与安全融雪

气罐总量按 450 / 230 / 110 克规格贪心组合，保证携带量绝不低于需求。白汽油与酒精按常见密度（0.76 与 0.79 克/毫升）换算毫升数。融雪时锅底务必先留一点水（没有水就先放一把雪并不断搅动），绝不能干烧；融出的水仍按普通野外水源处理。

Frequently asked questions常见问题

Why does melting snow cost 1.6× the fuel?为什么融雪要多花 1.6 倍燃料？

Before snow can warm up by even one degree, energy must break its crystal structure (latent heat of fusion — about 334 J/g), and snow also contains a lot of trapped air, so it contacts the pot poorly. The 1.6× factor combines that phase-change energy with the practical inefficiency of a loose snow fill.雪在升温前先要消耗能量破坏晶体结构（熔化潜热约 334 焦耳/克），而且雪里裹着大量空气、与锅底接触不良。1.6 倍系数同时计入了相变吸热和松雪装填的实际低效。

Canister or white gas for winter trips?冬季出行选气罐还是白汽油？

Upright canister stoves weaken below about 0 °C as internal pressure drops; remote-canister stoves rated for inversion help, but liquid white gas keeps full output in deep cold and is the standard choice for snowmelt duty. Whichever you use, sleep with canisters in your sleeping bag and warm them inside your jacket before breakfast.约 0 °C 以下，直连式气罐炉会因罐内压力下降而火力变弱；厂家允许倒置的分体式炉可以缓解，但白汽油等液体燃料在严寒中仍能保持满功率，是融雪任务的标准选择。无论用哪种，晚上把气罐放进睡袋、早饭前先在怀里焐热。

How many fuel canisters should I actually pack?我到底该带几个气罐？

The result panel fills the requirement with 110 / 230 / 450 g canisters without ever going under, and shows the headroom percentage. For remote or winter trips prefer the combination that leaves 15–25% spare rather than exactly zero — a half-full canister from a previous trip is a useful backup, but never rely on borrowed fuel.结果区会用 110 / 230 / 450 克规格组合满足总需求且绝不短少，并显示富余百分比。偏远或冬季行程建议保留 15–25% 余量而不是恰好为零；上次剩下的半罐可作备份，但不要指望向队友借燃料。

Can I use an alcohol stove near freezing?接近冰点时能用酒精炉吗？

Alcohol needs about 24 g per liter versus 12 g for white gas, is blown around easily and becomes marginal near 0 °C; below −10 °C its output collapses and snowmelt can take forever. Carry alcohol only as a fair-weather ultralight option or an emergency backup, with a real windscreen and extra fuel.酒精每升约需 24 克（白汽油只要 12 克）、怕风，接近 0 °C 就很勉强；低于 −10 °C 输出骤降，融雪极慢。酒精炉只适合温和天气的超轻方案或应急备份，且必须配真正的挡风板和额外燃料。

Why is no safety reserve added on warm trips?为什么热天不加安全余量？

The 20% reserve exists for cold-specific waste: pressure loss, latent-heat snowmelt and short winter days. Above 10 °C those factors disappear, and the per-liter constants already include a lid-and-windscreen baseline. Carrying fuel you will never burn is the same mistake as carrying too little — the model treats summer and winter honestly.20% 余量针对的是冷天特有的耗损：气罐掉压、融雪潜热和冬季短白昼。高于 10 °C 时这些因素不存在，而每升基准值本身已按盖锅盖加挡风板的条件取值。背永远烧不到的燃料和带得太少是同一种错误——模型对夏冬分别如实计算。