Cold-Water Immersion Survival冷水浸泡存活估算器
Water temperature, clothing and PFD — the 1-10-1 windows, HELP posture and expected survival time with after-rescue care. 水温、衣着与救生衣——1-10-1 时间窗、HELP 姿势、预期存活时间与上岸后处置。
How the cold-water survival calculator works
Most cold-water fatalities are not slow hypothermia deaths — they happen in the first minutes when the body gasps uncontrollably, or in the first hour when the muscles needed for self-rescue stop working. Water temperature sets the clock; your actions decide whether you use it.
The 1-10-1 principle
1 minute: cold shock. Sudden immersion triggers involuntary gasping, hyperventilation, panic and a spike in heart strain. In rough water, breathing in at the wrong moment drowns people quickly — a PFD keeps the airway clear when you cannot control it. 10 minutes: meaningful self-rescue. Hand and arm strength fade fast as nerves and muscles cool; this is the window to climb onto a boat, debris, ice edge or shore. 1 hour: hypothermia. Near 4–10 °C (39–50 °F) unconsciousness typically becomes possible around 1–3 hours in still water; closer to freezing it can arrive in under an hour.
Temperature ranges used in the table
The planner uses widely published planning ranges: in 0–4 °C water, exhaustion 15–30 minutes and unconsciousness 30–90 minutes; 4–10 °C, 30–60 minutes and 1–3 hours; 10–16 °C, 1–2 and 1–6 hours; 16–21 °C, 2–7 and 2–40 hours. Above 21 °C short swims carry no fixed limit, but long immersion still cools the body. Ranges assume an average adult; children, fatigue, injury and alcohol shorten them.
Clothing, PFD and behaviour
A PFD is the single biggest survival factor: roughly one in five cold-water drownings occurs during the first-minute gasp before hypothermia begins. Clothing traps a layer of water the skin warms and slows early cooling, so do not strip in the water — but waterlogged heavy layers and boots add drag and exhaustion, so shed only the worst once breathing is controlled. Do not swim for shore unless a target is within an easy distance; swimming accelerates heat loss. With a PFD assume H.E.L.P. — knees to the chest, arms crossed, head back — or huddle chest to chest in a group, and climb onto the capsized hull or anything floating. After rescue, expect afterdrop: keep the person horizontal, remove wet clothing, warm the torso first, give warm sweet drinks only when alert, never use alcohol, rubbing or hot baths, and call emergency services even if they feel fine.
冷水存活计算器原理
多数冷水死亡并非缓慢失温——而是发生在最初几分钟（无法控制地倒吸气）或第一小时（自救所需的肌肉率先失效）。水温决定时钟，行为决定你能否用好这段时间。
1-10-1 原则
1 分钟：冷激反应。突然入水会引发无法控制的倒吸气、过度换气、恐慌与心脏负荷骤增。浪里吸错一口气就可能迅速致溺——救生衣能在你控制不了呼吸时保住气道。10 分钟：有效自救。神经与肌肉遇冷后手部与手臂力量快速衰退，这是爬上船、漂浮物、冰沿或岸边的窗口。约 1 小时：失温。4–10 °C（39–50 °F）静水中约 1–3 小时可能丧失意识；接近冰点时可缩短到不足 1 小时。
表格中的水温区间
本工具采用广泛公布的规划区间：0–4 °C 力竭 15–30 分钟、意识丧失 30–90 分钟；4–10 °C 30–60 分钟、1–3 小时；10–16 °C 1–2 小时、1–6 小时；16–21 °C 2–7 小时、2–40 小时。21 °C 以上短时间游泳无固定上限，但长时间浸泡仍会失温。区间按普通成人估算，儿童、疲劳、受伤与酒精都会缩短存活时间。
衣着、救生衣与行为
救生衣是最大的单一存活因素：约五分之一的冷水溺亡发生在第一分钟冷激喘息期，此时失温还没开始。衣物能留住被皮肤焐暖的水层、减缓初期散热，所以不要在水中脱衣；但浸透的厚衣与靴子会吸水拖拽、加速力竭，呼吸稳住后只去掉拖累最重的部分。除非目标近在咫尺，不要游向岸边——游泳会加速散热。穿救生衣时采用 H.E.L.P. 姿势（屈膝收胸、双臂抱胸、头后仰），多人则胸贴胸抱团；尽量爬上倾覆船体或任何漂浮物。上岸后警惕续降（afterdrop）：水平搬运、脱去湿衣、优先躯干复温、完全清醒后才给温热甜饮，禁止酒精、揉搓与热水澡；即使感觉没事也要呼叫急救。